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Write an essay on 'Good Governance and Corruption Mitigation'.
The State has to adhere to the rights of the people, provide suitable living environment, maintain micro-economic conditions, uphold and maintain the public health standards and provide safety and security to all, besides mobilizing and utilizing resources for essential public services to be provided, and above all, maintaining law and order, security and social harmony.
The government is supposed to undertake its obligations in a way which not only satisfies the citizens, but also puts the political system on the developmental path, in keeping pace with the changes taking place in the contemporary society. It is being felt that good governance is good government.
The concept of governance, in fact, is simple.
It is seen as a set of values, policies and institutions through which society manages economic, political as well as social processes at different levels, on the basis of interaction among the government, civil society and the private sector. According to the UNDP policy document, Governance for Sustainable Human Development: "The goal of government initiatives should be to develop capacities that are needed to realize development that gives priority to the poor, advances women, sustains the environment and creates needed opportunities for employment and other livelihood."
Governance is an exercise of economic, political and administrative authority for managing a nation's affairs at both micro and macro levels. It includes the mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which the nationals and individual groups are able to communicate their interests, make use of their constitutional and legal rights, besides meeting their obligations and mediating their differences.
Governance for development ought to be- (a) accountable, (b) participatory, (c) responsive, (d) effective, and (e) efficient for promoting the rule of law, (f) safeguarding the interests of citizens, and (g) marching towards a holistic development. Governance thus transcends the collective meaning of related concepts like the State, the government and the regime. It integrates a number of elements and principles of 'good government'. Good government has been defined by John Healey and Mark Robinson as:
"A high level of organizational effectiveness in relation to policy-formulation and the policies actually pursued, especially in the conduct of economic policy and its contribution to growth, stability and popular welfare. Good government also implies accountability, transparency, participation, openness and the rule of law. It does not necessarily presuppose a value judgement, for example, a healthy respect for civil and political liberties, although good government tends to be a prerequisite for political legitimacy."
Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in governance depend on the level of government that is under discussion.
In rural areas, for example, other actors may include influential land lords, associations of peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance institutions, political parties, etc. The situation in urban areas is much more complex. Figure 1 provides the inter-connections between actors involved in urban governance.
At the national level, in addition to the above actors, media, lobbyists, international donors, multi-national corporations, etc. may play a role in decision-making or in influencing the decision-making process.
All actors other than the government and the military are grouped together as part of the 'civil society'. In some countries, in addition to the civil society, organized crime syndicates also influence decision-making, particularly in urban areas and at the national level.
Similarly, formal government structures are one means by which decisions are arrived at and implemented. At the national level, informal decision-making structures, such as 'kitchen cabinets' or informal advisers may exist. In urban areas, organized crime syndicates such as the "land Mafia" may influence decision-making. In some rural areas, locally powerful families may take a role or influence decision-making. Such, informal decision-making is often the result of corrupt practices or leads to those.
Good governance has eight major Figure 2: Characteristics of good governance (Source: UNESCO, 2002)
characteristics ঃ of good governance
(a) Participatory,
(b) Consensus-oriented,
(c) Accountable,
(d) Transparent,
(e) Responsive,
(f) Effective and efficient,
(g)Equitable and inclusive and
(h) it follows the rule
They assure that corruption is minimized, the views of the minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. They are also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
The subsidence of corruption in our public life is so precipitous that we are fast moving towards a situation, when this country would not be able to take any more of this. In the midst of such a pathetic situation, there is a way for rectifying the situation and reversing the deteriorating standard of public life. This situation can only be improved by a general uplift in the character of the people.
Problems of governance and widespread corruption constitute a compelling challenge to the developing nations. Good governance lies at the heart of thriving democratic societies. Well-governed countries are usually able to control corruption effectively. Weak governance, on the other hand, creates favorable ground for the spread of corruption of all kinds --- economic, political and social. First, although in the present-day Bangladesh, there has been no dearth of writings on corruption, these are either small articles published in newspapers/magazines or as research papers published in academic journals. Therefore, highly acute is the scarcity of a complete research work on an important issue like corruption, which would give its readers a wholesome idea about not only this heinous act, but also its special ramifications on Bangladesh.
Secondly, the research studies on corruption in Bangladesh that are currently available are narrow in scope; instead of covering the totality of corruption, individual researchers have in fact focused on some partial aspects of the issue. For example, in his book "Towards Good Governance in Bangladesh", Kamal (1996) has devoted part of a chapter to discuss "combating corruption in government". In the like manner, Wahiduddin (2002) has included two short essays on corruption amongst a total of fifty essays contained in his book "Popular Economics: Unpopular Essays". Also there are other researchers who have authored similar essays or articles. But one common feature of these works is that they are written from a singular perspective, i.e. either on corruption in the public sector or the economic cost of corruption, for instance. On the contrary, the scope of the study is so wide that it should address the issue of corruption in its entirety. However, Muinul (1997) has authored a Bengali book titled "Bangladeshi Rashtra, Shamaj, Durnitir Arthaniti".
Finally, on account of their focus on only the tip of an iceberg, i. e. on part of the phenomenon of corruption, neither of the available writings could prescribe a complete set of recommendations so as to redress this malady. In an attempt to bridge this gap, the primary objective of the current study is to figure out a couple of ways through which the degree of corruption can be effectively mitigated, if not removed for good.
At the heart of the 'good' governance agenda is a transparent, accountable, and effective state, which would facilitate development process through increased growth, reduction of corruption and promotion of democracy.
The governments of developing countries do not need any convincing to improve their governance. The need for improving service delivery and accessibility to justice, and ensuring political participation is well understood.
At the heart of the 'good' governance agenda is a transparent, accountable, and effective state, which would facilitate development process through increased growth, reduction of corruption and promotion of democracy.
The governments of developing countries do not need any convincing to improve their governance. The need for improving service delivery and accessibility to justice, and ensuring political participation is well understood.
Key instruments for improving the quality of governance such as administrative reforms, democratization, ensuring human rights, decentralization, and better management of public expenditure are integral parts of the policy agenda of most of the governments.
Problems of governance and widespread corruption constitute a compelling challenge to the developing nations. Good governance lies at the heart of thriving democratic societies. Well-governed countries are usually able to control corruption effectively. Weak governance, on the other hand, creates favourable ground for the spread of corruption of all kinds, economic, political and social. It also generates grave threat to state and human security. People exploited by corruption at political and administrative levels tend to lose faith in the State itself. In such a situation a State is likely to descend into a 'failing or 'failed state. Consequently, external intervention and even aggression may threaten the very existence of the state concerned as a sovereign entity.
চাকরি প্রস্তুতির জন্য ইংরেজি বিষয়ের পাঠ্যসূচি মূলত দুইটি অংশে বিভক্ত— English Grammar ও English Literature। English Grammar অংশে ইংরেজি ভাষার গঠন ও নিয়ম শেখানো হয়। এর মধ্যে রয়েছে Parts of Speech, যেমন Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb ইত্যাদি; Tense (Present, Past ও Future); Voice (Active ও Passive); Narration (Direct ও Indirect Speech); Article (A, An, The); Right Form of Verb ও Subject–Verb Agreement; Preposition; Degree of Comparison; Sentence-এর প্রকারভেদ; Transformation of Sentence; Conditional Sentence এবং Modal Verbs। এই অংশে মূলত নিয়ম জানা ও নিয়মভিত্তিক বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন অনুশীলন করা জরুরি।
অন্যদিকে ইংরেজি সাহিত্য (English Literature) বলতে মূলত ইংরেজি ভাষায় রচিত বিভিন্ন যুগের সাহিত্যকর্মকে (কবিতানাটকউপন্যাসপ্রবন্ধ) বোঝায়যার সূচনা ৮ম-১১শ শতাব্দীতে ‘বিউলফ’ (Beowulf) নামক মহাকাব্যের মাধ্যমে । জিওফ্রে চসারকে ইংরেজি সাহিত্যের জনক বলা হয় । বিভিন্ন সাহিত্য যুগের (যেমন: রেনেসাঁরোমান্টিকভিক্টোরিয়ান) মাধ্যমে এটি বিবর্তিত হয়ে বর্তমান রূপ পেয়েছে ।
আপনি আমাকে যেকোনো প্রশ্ন করতে পারেন, যেমনঃ
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